Introduction |
xiii | ||||
New and Extended Features in MASM 6.1 | xiii | ||||
MASM Features New Since Version 5.1 | xiv | ||||
MASM Features New Since Version 6.0 | xv | ||||
ML and MASM Command Lines | xvi | ||||
Compatibility with Earlier Versions of MASM | xvi | ||||
A Word About Instruction Timings | xvii | ||||
Books for Further Reading | xviii | ||||
Document Conventions | xix | ||||
Getting Assistance and Reporting Problems | xx | ||||
Chapter 1 Understanding Global Concepts |
1 | ||||
The Processing Environment | 1 | ||||
8086-Based Processors | 2 | ||||
Operating Systems | 4 | ||||
Segmented Architecture | 5 | ||||
Segment Protection | 6 | ||||
Segmented Addressing | 7 | ||||
Segment Arithmetic | 7 | ||||
Language Components of MASM | 8 | ||||
Reserved Words | 8 | ||||
Identifiers | 9 | ||||
Predefined Symbols | 10 | ||||
Integer Constants and Constant Expressions | 11 | ||||
Operators | 13 | ||||
Data Types | 14 | ||||
Registers | 16 | ||||
Statements | 21 | ||||
The Assembly Process | 22 | ||||
Generating and Running Executable Programs | 23 | ||||
Using the OPTION Directive | 24 | ||||
Conditional Directives | 28 | ||||
Chapter 2 Organizing Segments |
31 | ||||
Physical Memory Segments | 32 | ||||
Logical Segments | 32 | ||||
Using Simplified Segment Directives | 33 | ||||
Defining Basic Attributes with .MODEL | 34 | ||||
Specifying a Processor and Coprocessor | 38 | ||||
Creating a Stack | 38 | ||||
Creating Data Segments | 39 | ||||
Creating Code Segments | 40 | ||||
Starting and Ending Code with .STARTUP and .EXIT | 41 | ||||
Using Full Segment Definitions | 44 | ||||
Defining Segments with the SEGMENT Directive | 44 | ||||
Controlling the Segment Order | 47 | ||||
Setting the ASSUME Directive for Segment Registers | 49 | ||||
Defining Segment Groups | 51 | ||||
Chapter 3 Using Addresses and Pointers |
53 | ||||
Programming Segmented Addresses | 53 | ||||
Initializing Default Segment Registers | 53 | ||||
Near and Far Addresses | 57 | ||||
Operands | 60 | ||||
Register Operands | 61 | ||||
Immediate Operands | 61 | ||||
Direct Memory Operands | 62 | ||||
Indirect Memory Operands | 64 | ||||
The Program Stack | 71 | ||||
Saving Operands on the Stack | 71 | ||||
Saving Flags on the Stack | 73 | ||||
Saving Registers on the Stack (80186-80486 Only) | 74 | ||||
Accessing Data with Pointers and Addresses | 74 | ||||
Defining Pointer Types with TYPEDEF | 75 | ||||
Defining Register Types with ASSUME | 77 | ||||
Basic Pointer and Address Operations | 78 | ||||
Chapter 4 Defining and Using Simple Data Types |
85 | ||||
Declaring Integer Variables | 85 | ||||
Allocating Memory for Integer Variables | 85 | ||||
Data Initialization | 87 | ||||
Working with Simple Variables | 88 | ||||
Copying Data | 89 | ||||
Adding and Subtracting Integers | 92 | ||||
Multiplying and Dividing Integers | 95 | ||||
Manipulating Numbers at the Bit Level | 98 | ||||
Logical Instructions | 99 | ||||
Shifting and Rotating Bits | 100 | ||||
Multiplying and Dividing with Shift Instructions | 102 | ||||
Chapter 5 Defining and Using Complex Data Types |
105 | ||||
Arrays and Strings | 105 | ||||
Declaring and Referencing Arrays | 105 | ||||
Declaring and Initializing Strings | 108 | ||||
Processing Strings | 110 | ||||
Structures and Unions | 117 | ||||
Declaring Structure and Union Types | 118 | ||||
Defining Structure and Union Variables | 121 | ||||
Referencing Structures, Unions, and Fields | 126 | ||||
Nested Structures and Unions | 128 | ||||
Records | 129 | ||||
Declaring Record Types | 130 | ||||
Defining Record Variables | 131 | ||||
Record Operators | 133 | ||||
Chapter 6 Using Floating-Point and Binary Coded Decimal Numbers |
135 | ||||
Using Floating-Point Numbers | 136 | ||||
Declaring Floating-Point Variables and Constants | 136 | ||||
Storing Numbers in Floating-Point Format | 138 | ||||
Using a Math Coprocessor | 139 | ||||
Coprocessor Architecture | 140 | ||||
Instruction and Operand Formats | 141 | ||||
Coordinating Memory Access | 145 | ||||
Using Coprocessor Instructions | 146 | ||||
Using An Emulator Library | 155 | ||||
Using Binary Coded Decimal Numbers | 156 | ||||
Defining BCD Constants and Variables | 157 | ||||
BCD Calculations on a Coprocessor | 157 | ||||
BCD Calculations on the Main Processor | 158 | ||||
Chapter 7 Controlling Program Flow |
161 | ||||
Jumps | 161 | ||||
Unconditional Jumps | 162 | ||||
Conditional Jumps | 164 | ||||
Loops | 172 | ||||
Loop-Generating Directives | 173 | ||||
Writing Loop Conditions | 178 | ||||
Procedures | 180 | ||||
Defining Procedures | 180 | ||||
Passing Arguments on the Stack | 182 | ||||
Declaring Parameters with the PROC Directive | 184 | ||||
Using Local Variables | 188 | ||||
Creating Local Variables Automatically | 190 | ||||
Declaring Procedure Prototypes | 193 | ||||
Calling Procedures with INVOKE | 194 | ||||
Generating Prologue and Epilogue Code | 198 | ||||
MS-DOS Interrupts | 204 | ||||
Calling MS-DOS and ROM-BIOS Interrupts | 204 | ||||
Replacing an Interrupt Routine | 206 | ||||
Chapter 8 Sharing Data and Procedures Among Modules and Libraries |
211 | ||||
Selecting Data-Sharing Methods | 211 | ||||
Sharing Symbols with Include Files | 212 | ||||
Organizing Modules | 212 | ||||
Declaring Symbols Public and External | 214 | ||||
Positioning External Declarations | 228 | ||||
Using Alternatives to Include Files | 219 | ||||
PUBLIC and EXTERN | 220 | ||||
Other Alternatives | 221 | ||||
Developing Libraries | 221 | ||||
Associating Libraries with Modules | 222 | ||||
Using EXTERN with Library Routines | 223 | ||||
Chapter 9 Using Macros |
225 | ||||
Text Macros | 226 | ||||
Macro Procedures | 226 | ||||
Creating Macro Procedures | 227 | ||||
Passing Arguments to Macros | 228 | ||||
Specifying Required and Default Parameters | 229 | ||||
Defining Local Symbols in Macros | 232 | ||||
Assembly-Time Variables and Macro Operators | 233 | ||||
Text Delimiters and the Literal-Character Operator | 234 | ||||
Expansion Operator | 235 | ||||
Substitution Operator | 237 | ||||
Defining Repeat Blocks with Loop Directives | 239 | ||||
REPEAT Loops | 240 | ||||
WHILE Loops | 241 | ||||
FOR Loops and Variable-Length Parameters | 242 | ||||
FORC Loops | 244 | ||||
String Directives and Predefined Functions | 245 | ||||
Returning Values with Macro Functions | 248 | ||||
Returning Values with EXITM | 248 | ||||
Using Macro Functions with Variable-Length Parameter Lists | 249 | ||||
Expansion Operator in Macro Functions | 251 | ||||
Advanced Macro Techniques | 251 | ||||
Defining Macros within Macros | 251 | ||||
Testing for Argument Type and Environment | 252 | ||||
Using Recursive Macros | 255 | ||||
Chapter 10 Writing a Dynamic-Link Library For Windows |
257 | ||||
Overview of DLLs | 257 | ||||
Loading a DLL | 258 | ||||
Building a DLL | 260 | ||||
DLL Code | 261 | ||||
DLL Data | 265 | ||||
DLL Stack | 265 | ||||
DLL Extension Names | 266 | ||||
Summary | 266 | ||||
Example of a DLL: SYSINFO | 267 | ||||
Entry Routine for SYSINFO | 268 | ||||
Expanding SYSINFO | 270 | ||||
Chapter 11 Writing Memory-Resident Software |
273 | ||||
Terminate-and-Stay-Resident Programs | 273 | ||||
Structure of a TSR | 274 | ||||
Passive TSRs | 274 | ||||
Active TSRs | 275 | ||||
Interrupt Handlers in Active TSRs | 275 | ||||
Auditing Hardware Events for TSR Requests | 275 | ||||
Monitoring System Status | 277 | ||||
Determining Whether to Invoke the TSR | 279 | ||||
Example of a Simple TSR: ALARM | 279 | ||||
Using MS-DOS in Active TSRs | 285 | ||||
Understanding MS-DOS Stacks | 285 | ||||
Determining MS-DOS Activity | 285 | ||||
Interrupting MS-DOS Functions | 286 | ||||
Monitoring the Critical Error Flag | 287 | ||||
Preventing Interference | 288 | ||||
Trapping Errors | 288 | ||||
Preserving an Existing Condition | 289 | ||||
Preserving Existing Data | 290 | ||||
Communicating Through the Multiplex Interrupt | 290 | ||||
The Multiplex Handler | 291 | ||||
Using the Multiplex Interrupt Under MS-DOS Version 2.x | 292 | ||||
Deinstalling a TSR | 292 | ||||
Example of an Advanced TSR: SNAP | 293 | ||||
Building SNAP.EXE | 294 | ||||
Outline of SNAP | 295 | ||||
Chapter 12 Mixed-Language Programming |
307 | ||||
Naming and Calling Conventions | 308 | ||||
Naming Conventions | 309 | ||||
The C Calling Convention | 309 | ||||
The Pascal Calling Convention | 310 | ||||
The STDCALL and SYSCALL Calling Conventions | 311 | ||||
Writing an Assembly Procedure For a Mixed-Language Program | 312 | ||||
The MASM/High-Level-Language Interface | 313 | ||||
The C/MASM Interface | 315 | ||||
The C++/MASM Interface | 322 | ||||
The FORTRAN/MASM Interface | 323 | ||||
The Basic/MASM Interface | 328 | ||||
Chapter 13 Writing 32-Bit Applications |
335 | ||||
32-Bit Memory Addressing | 335 | ||||
MASM Directives for 32-Bit Programming | 336 | ||||
Sample Program | 337 | ||||
Appendixes |
|||||
Appendix A Differences Between MASM 6.1 and 5.1 |
341 | ||||
New Features of Version 6.1 | 342 | ||||
The Assembler, Environment, and Utilities | 342 | ||||
Segment Management | 343 | ||||
Data Types | 344 | ||||
Procedures, Loops, and Jumps | 347 | ||||
Simplifying Multiple-Module Projects | 348 | ||||
Expanded State Control | 349 | ||||
New Processor Instructions | 350 | ||||
Renamed Directives | 350 | ||||
Macro Enhancements | 351 | ||||
MASM 6.1 Programming Practices | 352 | ||||
Compatibility Between MASM 5.1 and 6.1 | 352 | ||||
Rewriting Code for Compatibility | 353 | ||||
Using the OPTION Directive | 361 | ||||
Changes to Instruction Encodings | 377 | ||||
Appendix B BNF Grammar |
379 | ||||
Appendix C Generating and Reading Assembly Listings |
397 | ||||
Generating Listing Files | 397 | ||||
Precedence of Command-Line Options and Listing Directives | 399 | ||||
Reading the Listing File | 399 | ||||
Generated Code | 399 | ||||
Error Messages | 400 | ||||
Symbols and Abbreviations | 400 | ||||
Reading Tables in a Listing File | 404 | ||||
Appendix D MASM Reserved Words |
407 | ||||
Operands and Symbols | 407 | ||||
Special Operands for the 80386/486 | 409 | ||||
Predefined Symbols | 409 | ||||
Registers | 409 | ||||
Operators and Directives | 410 | ||||
Processor Instructions | 412 | ||||
8086/8088 Processor Instructions | 412 | ||||
80186 Processor Instructions | 413 | ||||
80286 Processor Instructions | 413 | ||||
80286 and 80386 Privileged-Mode Instructions | 413 | ||||
80386 Processor Instructions | 413 | ||||
80486 Processor Instructions | 414 | ||||
Instruction Prefixes | 414 | ||||
Coprocessor Instructions | 414 | ||||
8087 Coprocessor Instructions | 414 | ||||
80287 Privileged-Mode Instruction | 415 | ||||
80387 Instructions | 415 | ||||
Appendix E Default Segment Names |
417 | ||||
Glossary |
421 | ||||
Index |
435 | ||||
Figures and Tables |
|||||
Figures |
|||||
1.1 Segment Allocation | 6 | ||||
1.2 Calculating Physical Addresses | 8 | ||||
1.3 Registers for 8088-80286 Processors | 17 | ||||
1.4 Extended Registers for the 80386/486 Processors | 18 | ||||
1.5 Flags for 8088-80486 Processors | 20 | ||||
3.1 Stack Status Before and After Pushes and Pops | 72 | ||||
4.1 Integer Formats | 87 | ||||
4.2 Shifts and Rotates | 101 | ||||
6.1 Encoding for Real Numbers in IEEE Format | 138 | ||||
6.2 Coprocessor Data Registers | 140 | ||||
6.3 Status of the Register Stack | 142 | ||||
6.4 Status of the Register Stack and Memory Locations | 143 | ||||
6.5 Status of the Previously Initialized Register Stack | 144 | ||||
6.6 Status of the Already Initialized Register Stack | 144 | ||||
6.7 Status of the Register Stack: Main Memory and Coprocessor | 148 | ||||
6.8 Coprocessor Control Registers | 154 | ||||
6.9 Coprocessor and Processor Control Flags | 155 | ||||
7.1 Program Arguments on the Stack | 183 | ||||
7.2 Local Variables on the Stack | 190 | ||||
7.3 Operation of Interrupts | 206 | ||||
8.1 Using EXTERNDEF for Variables | 215 | ||||
8.2 Using PROTO and INVOKE | 217 | ||||
8.3 Using PUBLIC and EXTERN | 221 | ||||
11.1 Time Line of Interaction Between Interrupt Handlers for a Typical TSR | 278 | ||||
11.2 Flowchart for SNAP.EXE: Installation Phase | 296 | ||||
11.3 Flowchart for SNAP.EXE Resident Phase | 297 | ||||
11.4 Flowchart for SNAP.EXE Deinstallation Phase | 298 | ||||
12.1 C String Format | 316 | ||||
12.2 C Stack Frame | 320 | ||||
12.3 FORTRAN String Frame | 324 | ||||
12.4 FORTRAN Stack Frame | 327 | ||||
12.5 Basic String Descriptor Format | 330 | ||||
12.6 Basic Stack Frame | 333 | ||||
B.1 BNF Definition of the TYPEDEF Directive | 380 | ||||
Tables |
|||||
1.1 8086 Family of Processors | 2 | ||||
1.2 The MS-DOS and Windows Operating Systems Compared | 4 | ||||
1.3 Operator Precedence | 14 | ||||
2.1 Attributes of Memory Models | 35 | ||||
3.1 Indirect Addressing with 16-Bit Registers | 68 | ||||
4.1 Division Operations | 97 | ||||
5.1 Requirements for String Instructions | 112 | ||||
6.1 Ranges of Floating-Point Variables | 136 | ||||
6.2 Coprocessor Operand Formats | 141 | ||||
6.3 Control-Flag Settings After Comparison or Test | 151 | ||||
7.1 Conditional Jumps Based on Comparisons of Two Values | 167 | ||||
9.1 MASM Macro Operators | 234 | ||||
11.1 MS-DOS Internal Stacks | 286 | ||||
12.1 Naming and Calling Conventions | 309 | ||||
12.2 Register Conventions for Simple Return Values | 317 | ||||
A.1 Requirements for String Instructions | 353 | ||||
C.1 Options for Generating or Modifying Listing Files | 398 | ||||
C.2 Symbols and Abbreviations in Listings | 400 | ||||
C.3 Symbols in Timing Column | 401 |
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